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A Midsummer Night's Dream(Mendelssohn)
At two separate times,Felix Mendelssohncomposed music forWilliam Shakespeare's playA Midsummer Night's Dream(in GermanEin Sommernachtstraum). First in 1826, near the start of his career, he wrote aconcert overture(Op. 21). Later, in 1842, only a few years before his death, he wroteincidental music(Op. 61) for a production of the play, into which he incorporated the existing overture. The incidental music includes the famousWedding March.
Overture
The overture inE major, Op. 21, was written by Mendelssohn at 17 years and 6 months old (it was finished on 6 August 1826).Contemporary music scholarGeorge Grovecalled it "the greatest marvel of early maturity that the world has ever seen in music".It was written as a concert overture, not associated with any performance of the play. The overture was written after Mendelssohn had read a German translation of the play in 1826. The translation was byAugust Wilhelm Schlegel, with help fromLudwig Tieck. There was a family connection as well: Schlegel's brotherFriedrichmarried Felix Mendelssohn'sAunt Dorothea.
While aromanticpiece in atmosphere, the overture incorporates manyclassicalelements, being cast insonata formand shaped by regular phrasings and harmonic transitions. The piece is also noted for its striking instrumental effects, such as the emulation of scampering 'fairy feet' at the beginning and the braying of Bottom as an ass (effects which were influenced by the aesthetic ideas and suggestions of Mendelssohn's friend at the time,Adolf Bernhard Marx).Heinrich Eduard Jacob, in his biography of the composer, surmised that Mendelssohn had scribbled the opening chords after hearing an evening breeze rustle the leaves in the garden of the family's home.
The overture begins with four chords in the winds. Following the first theme in the parallel minor (E minor) representing the dancing fairies, a transition (the royal music of the court of Athens) leads to a second theme, that of the lovers. This is followed by the braying of Bottom with the "hee-hawing" being evoked by the strings. A final group of themes, reminiscent of craftsmen and hunting calls, brings theexpositionto a close. The fairies dominate most of thedevelopmentsection, while the Lover's theme is played in a minor key. The recapitulation begins with the same opening four chords in the winds, followed by the Fairies theme and the other section in the second theme, including Bottom's braying. The fairies return, and ultimately have the final word in thecoda, just as in Shakespeare's play. The overture ends once again with the same opening four chords by the winds.
The overture was premiered in Stettin (then inPrussia; nowSzczecin,Poland) on 20 February 1827,at a concert conducted byCarl Loewe. Mendelssohn had turned 18 just over two weeks earlier. He had to travel 80 miles through a raging snowstorm to get to the concert,which was his first public appearance. Loewe and Mendelssohn also appeared as soloists in Mendelssohn's Concerto in A-flat major for two pianos and orchestra, and Mendelssohn alone was the soloist forCarl Maria von Weber'sKonzertstück in F minor. After the intermission, he joined the first violins for a performance ofBeethoven'sNinth Symphony.
The first British performance of the overture was conducted by Mendelssohn himself, on 24 June 1829, at theArgyll Roomsin London, at a concert in benefit of the victims of the floods inSilesia, and played by an orchestra that had been assembled by Mendelssohn's friend SirGeorge Smart.

摘自:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(Mendelssohn)

The Hebrides(overture)
Felix Mendelssohn'sconcert overtureThe Hebrides(/ˈhɛbrɪdiːz/;German:Die Hebriden) was composed in 1830, revised in 1832, and published the next year as hisOp.26. Some consider it an earlytone poem.[1][2]
It was inspired by one of Mendelssohn's trips to the British Isles, specifically an 1829 excursion to the Scottish island ofStaffa, with its basalt sea cave known asFingal's Cave. It was reported that the composer immediately jotted down the opening theme for his composition after seeing the island. He at first called the workTo the Lonely IslandorZur einsamen Insel, but then settled on the present title. However, in 1834, the year after the first publication,Breitkopf & Härtelissued an edition with the nameFingalshöhle(Fingal's Cave) and this title stuck, causing some confusion.
Being a concert overture,The Hebridesdoes not precede a play oropera, but is instead a standalone composition in a form common for theRomantic period. Dedicated to KingFrederick William IV of Prussia, then Crown Prince of Prussia, the B minor work became part of the standard orchestral repertoire and retains this position to the present day.
Background
Mendelssohn's first visit to England in 1829 resulted from invitations bySir George Smartand thePhilharmonic Society.[3]Following his tour of England, Mendelssohn proceeded toScotland, where he began work on hisSymphony No. 3,Scottish.[4]He was engaged on a tour of Scotland with his travelling companion Karl Klingemann when he sent a postcard to his family with the opening phrase of the overture written on it. In a note to his sisterFanny, he said: "In order to make you understand how extraordinarily the Hebrides affected me, Isend you the following, which came into my head there."[5]The cave at that time was approximately 35 feet (11m) high and over 200 feet (61m) deep, and contained blackbasaltpillars.[5]
The work was completed on 16 December 1830[6]and was originally entitledDie einsame Insel(The Lonely Island). However, Mendelssohn later revised the score and renamed the pieceDie Hebriden(The Hebrides). Despite this, the title ofFingal's Cavewas also used: on the orchestral parts he labelled the musicThe Hebrides, but on the score Mendelssohn labelled the musicFingal's Cave.[5]This revision of the overture was premiered on 14 May 1832 inLondon[6]in a concert conducted byThomas Attwood, that also featured Mendelssohn'sOverture to A Midsummer Night's Dream. The final revision was completed by 20 June 1832.[6]and premiered on 10 January 1833 in Berlin under the composer's own baton.

摘自:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hebrides_(overture)