加琳娜•维什涅夫斯卡娅 Galina Vishnevskaya

加琳娜•维什涅夫斯卡娅(Galina Vishnevskaya，1926－)，俄罗斯（前苏联）女高音歌唱家，1926年10月25日出生于列宁格勒，1944年首次演唱轻歌剧，后师从Vera Nikolayeva学习一年，1952年赢得莫斯科大剧院举办的声乐比赛（演唱了Rachmaninoff的歌曲“O, Do Not Grieve”和威尔第《Aida》中的咏叹调“O patria mia”），从此成为莫斯科大剧院的成员，1955年嫁给大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich，1960年5月9日作为阿伊达首次出现在萨拉热窝国家剧院，1961年以同一角色登台纽约大都会歌剧院，以及伦敦科文特英国皇家歌剧院，1964年作为《Turandot》中的Liù，与Birgit Nilsson和Franco Corelli同台演出于米兰斯卡拉歌剧院，除了演唱俄罗斯歌剧曲目，还出演了Violetta,Tosca,Cio-cio-san,Leonore和Cherubino等剧目角色，并主演了Alexander Sokurov关于车臣战争的影片《Alexandra》，1974年举家离开苏联定居美国和巴黎， 1982年作为柴可夫斯基（Tchaikovsky）《Eugene Onegin》中的Tatyana在巴黎做了告别演出，1984年出版了回忆录《一个俄罗斯的故事》（ Galina: A Russian Story），1987年在华盛顿特区执导了Rimsky-Korsakov的《The Tsar’s Bride》，2002年在莫斯科创办了“Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Centre”。

Galina Vishnevskaya (25 October 1926 – 11 December 2012) was a Russian soprano opera singer and recitalist who was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1966. She was the wife of cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, and mother to their two daughters, Olga and Elena Rostropovich. Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad. She made her professional stage debut in 1944 singing operetta. After a year studying with Vera Nikolayevna Garina, she won a competition held by the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow (with Rachmaninoff's song "O, Do Not Grieve" and Verdi's aria "O patria mia" from Aida) in 1952. The next year, she became a member of the Bolshoi Theatre. On 24 March 1957, she made her debut in Finnish National Opera as Tatyana in Eugene Onegin (opera). On 9 May 1960, she made her first appearance in Sarajevo at the National Theatre, as Aida. In 1961, she made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Aida; the following year she made her debut at the Royal Opera House with the same role. For her La Scala debut in 1964, she sang Liù in Turandot, opposite Birgit Nilsson and Franco Corelli. In addition to the roles in the Russian operatic repertoire, Vishnevskaya also sang roles such as Violetta, Tosca, Cio-cio-san, Leonore, and Cherubino. Benjamin Britten wrote the soprano role in his War Requiem (completed 1962) specially for her, though the USSR prevented her from traveling to Coventry Cathedral for the premiere performance. The USSR eventually allowed her to leave in order to make the first recording of the Requiem. Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007; they performed together regularly (he on piano or on the podium). Both she and Rostropovich were friends of Dmitri Shostakovich, and they made an electrifying recording of his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk for EMI. According to Robert Conquest, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn stayed at their dacha from 1968 while writing much of The Gulag Archipelago. In 1974, the couple asked the Soviet government for an extended leave and left the Soviet Union. Eventually they settled in theUnited States and Paris. In 1982, the soprano bade farewell to the opera stage, in Paris, as Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin. In 1987, she stage directed Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride in Washington, D.C. In 1984, Vishnevskaya published a memoir, Galina: A Russian Story (ISBN 0-15-134250-4), and in 2002, she opened her own opera theatre in Moscow, the "Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Centre". In 2006, she was featured in Alexander Sokurov's documentary Elegy of a life: Rostropovich, Vishnevskaya. In 2007, she starred in his film Alexandra, playing the role of a grandmother coming to see her grandson in the Second Chechen War. The film premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. In the last week of her life, Russian President Vladimir Putin honoured her with the First Class Order of Merit for the Fatherland. On 11 December 2012, Vishnevskaya died at the age of 86 in Moscow. She was married three times. Her first marriage was to Georgy Vishnevsky, a sailor. She retained his family name after their divorce. Her second marriage was to the violinist and director of the Leningrad Light Opera company, Mark Rubin,who also served as her manager. This second marriage produced a son, who died at age 2 months, and lasted 10 years before ending in divorce. Her daughters survive her.