Josef Krips 约瑟夫·克里普斯

约瑟夫·克里普斯（Josef Alois Krips，1902-1974 ），奥地利指挥家。曾任伦敦交响乐团首席指挥（1951-1960），旧金山交响乐团音乐总监（1963-1970）以及维也纳交响乐团首席指挥（1970-1973）。

约瑟夫·阿莱斯·克里普斯（德语：Josef Alois Krips）1902年出生于维也纳，继而成为曼第泽夫斯基（Eusebius Mandyczewski）和魏因加特纳（Felix Weingartner）的徒弟。1921至1924年间，在维也纳民俗歌剧院（Wiener Volksoper）担当魏因加特纳的助理和合唱队的总监。其后克里普斯成为了不同乐队的指挥，如在1926至1933年间，成为卡尔斯鲁厄当地乐团的音乐总监。1933年回归维也纳，担任民俗歌剧院的常驻指挥，1935年成为维也纳艺术学院(Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien)教授，并开始每年在萨尔茨堡音乐节上指挥音乐会，直至1938年。 虽然自幼是天主教徒，但由于父亲是犹太人，因此克里普斯在德奥合并后，离开了维也纳，移居贝尔格莱德，以免无法继续指挥生涯。但克里普斯也只能在贝尔格莱德的歌剧院和爱乐管弦乐团工作一年多，南斯拉夫便沦为德军占领，余下的战争岁月，克里普斯便在食品工厂担当工人渡过。战争结束后，克里普斯1945年回到奥地利。由于未曾为纳粹政权服务，成为第一批获盟军批准工作的指挥家之一，更成为战后首位指挥维也纳爱乐和在萨尔茨堡音乐节指挥的指挥家。期间因克莱门斯·克劳斯被盟军禁演，克利普斯得以指挥了1946和1947年两届维也纳新年音乐会。1950至1954年间，克里普斯成为伦敦交响乐团的首席指挥，其后成为水牛城交响乐团的首席指挥和旧金山交响乐团的音乐总监 (1963-1970)。而他自1963年伦敦皇家歌剧院和1966年纽约大都会歌剧院的首次登台后，便是这两大歌剧院的常客。1970年克里普斯成为柏林德意志歌剧院的艺术总监。而在1970至1973年间，他成为了维也纳交响乐团的首席指挥。由于受到早年技术条件的限制，克里普斯留下的录音并不多。一般认为，他的指挥风格相对保守而典雅，其棒下的德奥作品显得原汁原味。1974年逝世于瑞士日内瓦，享年72岁。而他的弟弟，亨利·克里普斯(Henry Krips)也是一位指挥家，后来移居澳大利亚，担任阿德莱德交响乐团的常驻指挥达23年之久(1949-1972)。

Josef Alois Krips (8 April 1902 – 13 October 1974) was an Austrian conductor and violinist. Life and career Krips was born in Vienna, and went on to become a pupil of Eusebius Mandyczewski and Felix Weingartner. From 1921 to 1924, he served as Weingartner's assistant at the Vienna Volksoper, and also as répétiteur and chorus master. He then conducted several orchestras, including in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1933. In 1933 he returned to Vienna as a resident conductor of the Volksoper and a regular conductor at the Wiener Staatsoper. He was appointed professor at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1935, and conducted regularly at the Salzburg Festival between 1935 and 1938. In 1938, the Nazi annexation of Austria (or Anschluss) forced Krips to leave the country. (He was raised aRoman Catholic, but would have been excluded from musical activity because his father was born Jewish.)Krips moved to Belgrade, where he worked for a year with the Belgrade Opera and Philharmonic, untilYugoslavia also became involved in World War II. For the rest of the war, he worked in a food factory. On his return to Austria at the end of the war in 1945 Krips was one of the few conductors allowed to perform, since he had not worked under the Nazi régime. He was the first to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival in the postwar period. From 1950 to 1954, Krips was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. Afterwards, he led the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and (from 1963 to 1970) the San Francisco Symphony. He made his Covent Garden debut in 1947 and his Metropolitan Opera in 1966, guest conducting frequently from then on. In 1970, he became conductor of the Deutsche Oper in Berlin. Between 1970 and 1973, he was the principal conductor of the Vienna Symphony. He died at 72 in Geneva, Switzerland in 1974. His brother, Henry Krips, emigrated to Australia and was the chief conductor of the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra for a record 23 years (1949-1972). Recordings Krips's first recording was made for Odeon Records in Vienna on 13 January 1937, conducting the Orchestra of the Wiener Staatsoper in two Rossini numbers from the Bernhard Paumgartner operetta Rossini in Neapel, sung by Richard Tauber. Krips conducted the Vienna premiere of the work ten days earlier. In 1950, Krips and the London Symphony Orchestra made a superb recording of Mozart's Symphony No. 41 (so-called "Jupiter" Symphony) (London LPS 86). In 1955, Krips made a critically acclaimed recording of Mozart's Don Giovanni with the Vienna State Opera featuring Cesare Siepi, Fernando Corena,Walter Berry, Suzanne Danco, Lisa Della Casa and Hilde Gueden. In 1957, Krips conducted the Symphony of the Air in stereo recordings of the five Beethoven piano concertos with Arthur Rubinstein for RCA Victor. In 1960, Krips recorded Beethoven's nine symphonies for Everest Records. For this set of recordings, Krips conducted the London Symphony Orchestra, and for the Symphony No. 9, the soloists included Donald Bell, baritone, Jennifer Vyvyan, soprano, Rudolf Petrak, tenor, and Shirley Carter (later known as Shirley Verrett), mezzo-soprano. The BBC Chorus, under the chorusmaster Leslie Woodgate also performed. This series of recordings was popular with music critics and the public, and the recordings have been reissued several times in authorized and in bootleg editions. During the 1970s, Krips recorded Mozart's late symphonies for Philips Records, conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra. These have been reissued over the years by Philips and more recently by Decca. Krips did not make any commercial recordings with the San Francisco Symphony, although many of his concerts were broadcast in stereo by San Francisco station KKHI. <a href="<a href=" https:="" en.wikipedia.org="" wiki="" '="">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef Krips