Anton Rubinstein 安东·鲁宾斯坦

俄罗斯作曲家，钢琴家，指挥家。简称其为安东鲁宾斯坦，以与著名钢琴家阿图尔·鲁宾斯坦相区别。生于一个有文化的犹太人家庭。6岁时随家庭迁居莫斯科。鲁宾斯坦的音乐才能自幼便已显露，10岁时便公开举行钢琴演奏会。1841-1843年间，到西欧许多城市巡回演出获得了很大成功。演出期间，小鲁宾斯坦得以认识西欧的一些大音乐家如肖邦、李斯特、门德尔松和梅耶贝尔等。此后，鲁宾斯坦在柏林和维也纳攻读音乐理论，并创作和出版了他的第一批作品。1849年鲁宾斯坦回到圣彼得堡，后来就任大公爵夫人叶莲娜·帕芙罗芙娜的宫廷乐师。1854-1858年间，鲁宾斯坦再次出国巡回演出，在钢琴演奏方面获得了世界性的声誉。1859年回国后定居在圣彼得堡，着手创办了俄罗斯音乐协会，并亲自指挥协会举办的全部音乐会。与此同时，他还主持了协会开设的“音乐班”，这个班后来在1862年改建为俄国的第一所音乐学院即“圣彼得堡音乐学院”，由他亲任院长。这所学院在鲁宾斯坦的领导下很快达到了很高的水平。柴可夫斯基便是这个学院的第一届毕业生。鲁宾斯坦所创办的圣彼得堡音乐学院以及他兄弟尼古拉·鲁宾斯坦之后开办的莫斯科音乐学院成为了俄国音乐教育的两大中心，培养出了无数世界级的作曲家。1891年，鲁宾斯坦移居德累斯顿，主要专心于音乐创作活动，有时也为慈善目的举行演奏会。1894年，鲁宾斯坦回归祖国，同年11月8日辞世。在音乐观念上，他反对五人强力集团的民族主义音乐，追求音乐世界性，这也使他受到许多人的反对。

Anton Grigorevich Rubinstein (November 28 1829 – November 20 1894) was a Russian pianist, composer and conductor who became a pivotal figure in Russian culture when he founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. He was the elder brother of Nikolai Rubinstein who founded the Moscow Conservatory. As a pianist, Rubinstein ranks amongst the great 19th-century keyboard virtuosos. He became most famous for his series of historical recitals—seven enormous, consecutive concerts covering the history of piano music. Rubinstein played this series throughout Russia and Eastern Europe and in the United States when he toured there. Although best remembered as a pianist and educator (most notably in the latter as the composition teacher of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky), Rubinstein was also a prolific composer throughout much of his life. He wrote 20 operas, the best known of which is The Demon. He also composed a large number of other works, including five piano concertos, sixsymphonies and a large number of solo piano works along with a substantial output of works for chamber ensemble.

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