Mariss Jansons 马里斯·杨松斯

简介Biography

马里斯·扬颂斯（拉脱维亚语：Mariss Ivars Georgs Jansons，又译：马里斯·杨松斯、玛里斯·扬颂斯，1943年1月14日－2019年11月30日）生于里加，拉脱维亚指挥家。其父亲阿维德·杨颂斯（Arvīds Jansons，1914年10月10日-1984年11月21日，生于拉脱维亚利耶帕亚）也是一名指挥家，母亲伊赖达·杨颂斯（Iraida Jansons）是犹太女中音歌唱家，曾为里加歌剧院的首席歌手。

人物简介

马里斯·扬颂斯童年时跟随父亲学习小提琴，并在里加歌剧院里度过了美好的童年。1946年他的父亲获得国际指挥比赛第二名，而被前苏联指挥大师穆拉文斯基(Yevgeny Mravinsky )选中作为其在列宁格勒爱乐乐团的助理。1956年举家迁往列宁格勒，杨颂斯自此在列宁格勒音乐学院主修钢琴和指挥专业，同时他的小提琴水平仍旧是学校最棒的。以优异成绩研究生毕业的杨颂斯，1969年得到了去维也纳音乐与艺术大学（University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna）留学的机会。在留学期间，他在维也纳师从汉斯·斯瓦洛夫斯基（Hans Swarowsky）和奥斯特拉切尔（Karl Österreicher），同时在萨尔兹堡，他又有幸得到指挥大师卡拉扬的点拨，并被卡拉扬选为柏林爱乐乐团的助理。1971年，杨颂斯获得了卡拉扬国际指挥大赛的第二名，并在列宁格勒爱乐乐团（现改名为：圣彼得堡爱乐乐团）首次登台。1973年，担任列宁格勒爱乐乐团的副首席指挥的职位，并担任穆拉文斯基的助理。在此期间，杨颂斯不但深受穆拉文斯基的影响，而且也随同穆拉文斯基进行了多次世界巡演。在穆拉文斯基逝世后，杨颂斯仍然与列宁格勒爱乐乐团保持着密切的联系，并与穆拉文斯基的接班人尤里·特米尔卡诺夫合作密切。

1979年，马里斯·扬颂斯担任奥斯陆爱乐乐团的音乐总监，至2000年，在杨颂斯的带领下，奥斯陆爱乐乐团从北欧一个小乐团已经跃升为国际上一流乐团。1992年，杨颂斯担任伦敦爱乐乐团的首席客座指挥。1997年到2004年，担任匹斯堡交响乐团音乐总监。2001年被推举为维也纳音乐之友协会的荣誉会员，同时他也是英国皇家音乐学院的荣誉会员(1999)。2003年，担任巴伐利亚广播交响乐团的首席指挥。2004年，杨颂斯欣然接受阿姆斯特丹皇家音乐厅管弦乐团首席指挥的职务。至此，杨颂斯成为了少有的同时担任欧洲两个顶级乐团首席指挥的指挥家。除此以外，他在1992年初次与维也纳爱乐乐团合作时，就与之建立了亲密、融洽、特殊的友好合作关系。2006年，杨颂斯首度指挥了维也纳新年音乐会。他在这场音乐会中选择了约翰·施特劳斯的《春之声圆舞曲》和莫扎特的《费加洛婚礼序曲》等让大家耳熟能详的作品，并当选为维也纳爱乐乐团2006年度的年度指挥家。在2012年，杨颂斯再度执棒维也纳新年音乐会，以此纪念杨颂斯与维也纳爱乐乐团合作20周年。

在1996年的奥斯陆，马里斯·扬颂斯曾与死神擦肩而过。1996年的4月25日，杨颂斯在奥斯陆指挥普契尼的歌剧《波西米亚人》，在演出最后一幕时，心脏病突发，倒在了指挥台上。由于当时杨颂斯没有选择在身体很糟糕的情况下停止指挥，造成了他日后很严重的心脏问题。此后，他一直在瑞士疗养，后来匹兹堡的外科医师在他的胸口安装了一个心脏起搏器，以帮助他的心脏正常工作。而在1984年11月21日，杨颂斯的父亲阿维德·杨颂斯，在曼彻斯特指挥哈雷乐团的音乐会上，也因心脏病突发去世。当时，杨颂斯正在米德尔斯堡率领奥斯陆爱乐乐团进行他们在英国的首次巡演，面对突如其来的巨大打击，他秉着对事业高度的责任意识，坚持完成了演出任务。杨颂斯曾表示，由于遭受欧洲和美国的时差问题X，考虑到自己的身体状况，在2004年杨颂斯离开了美国的匹兹堡交响乐团。而此后，杨颂斯也很少指挥歌剧，直到2006年，杨颂斯与阿姆斯特丹皇家音乐厅管弦乐团合作肖斯塔科维奇的歌剧《姆钦斯科县的麦克白夫人》（导演Martin Kušej），是其1996年后首次指挥歌剧；2011年与巴伐利亚广播交响乐团合作了音乐会版柴可夫斯基的歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》，6月至7月和阿姆斯特丹皇家音乐厅管弦乐团在荷兰歌剧院演出了十场《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》（导演Stefan Herheim）。重返指挥台的杨颂斯，仍旧继续着他对音乐的热情和他“音乐不能停”的精神。

伟大的拉脱维亚指挥大师马里斯·扬颂斯于2019年11月30日晚在俄罗斯圣彼得堡的家中去世，享年77岁。根据初步的消息，大师的死亡是因急性心力衰竭而造成的。

摘自：https://www.sin80.com/artist/mariss-jansons

Mariss Jansons (born 14 January 1943) is a Latvian conductor, the son of conductor Arvīds Jansons and the singer Iraida Jansone.Iraida Jansone, who was Jewish, gave birth to her son in hiding in Riga, Latvia, after being smuggled out of the Riga Ghetto, where Iraida's father and brother were murdered by the Nazis. As a child, Jansons first studied violin with his father. In 1946, Mariss's father, Arvīds Jansons won second prize in a national competition and was chosen by Yevgeny Mravinsky to be his assistant at the Leningrad Philharmonic. When his family joined him in 1956, young Mariss entered the Leningrad Conservatory, where he studied piano and conducting, although his father urged him to continue playing violin. In 1969, he continued his training in Vienna with Hans Swarowsky and in Salzburg with Herbert von Karajan. Karajan had invited Jansons to be his assistant with the Berlin Philharmonic, but the Soviet authorities blocked Jansons from ever hearing about the offer. In 1973, Jansons was appointed Associate Conductor of the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra (now the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra). In 1979, he was appointed music director of the Oslo Philharmonic, with which he performed, recorded and toured extensively. Jansons resigned his Oslo position in 2000 after disputes with the city over the acoustics of the Oslo Concert Hall. In 1992, Jansons was named principal guest conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He has worked as a guest conductor with the London Symphony Orchestraand has recorded Mahler's Symphony No. 6 with them for the LSO Live label. In 1997, Jansons became the music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. His initial contract was for three years, but his subsequent contract renewals were evergreen contracts that required yearly renewal. In June 2002, he announced his departure from the orchestra in 2004. In April 1996 in Oslo, Jansons nearly died while conducting the final pages of La bohème, after a heart attack. He recuperated in Switzerland. Later, surgeons in Pittsburgh fitted a defibrillator in his chest to give his heart an electric jolt if it fails. (Jansons's father died at a 1984 concert, conducting the Hallé Orchestra).Jansons has stated that he suffers from jet lag, and this was one reason that he left his American position. At the start of the 2003/2004 season, Jansons began his tenure as chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (BRSO), for an initial contract of 3 years His commitment with the BRSO is for 10 weeks per season. In September 2006, Jansons extended his initial BRSO contract to August 2009. In July 2007, he further extended his contract with the BRSO to August 2012. In April 2011, he extended his BRSO contract to August 2015 in Munich. In June 2013, the BRSO further extended Jansons' contract through August 2018. In May 2015, the BRSO announced a further extension of Jansons' contract through 2021. He has regularly campaigned for the construction of a new concert hall for the orchestra. In October 2002, Jansons was named the sixth chief conductor of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (RCO) of Amsterdam, effective 1 September 2004, succeedingRiccardo Chailly. His initial Amsterdam contract was for 3 years, and his commitment in Amsterdam was for 12 weeks per season. In April 2014, the orchestra announced the scheduled conclusion of Jansons' tenure as chief conductor after the 2014-2015 season. He conducted his final concert as chief conductor of the RCO on March 20, 2015, in the presence of Queen Maxima. In 2006, Jansons conducted the Vienna Philharmonic New Year's Concert for the first time. Also in January 2006, he was awarded MIDEM's Artist of the Year Award in Cannes. In October 2007, Jansons (who himself is Lutheran) conducted Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra for Pope Benedict XVIand 7000 other listeners in the papal audience hall (Auditorio Paul VI). Jansons conducted the Vienna New Year's Concert for the second time in 2012. The concert was televised worldwide in seventy-three countries. He conducted the Vienna Philharmonic New Year's Concert for a third time in 2016. The New Year's Concert 2016 was broadcast in over 90 countries around the world and was seen by 50 million television viewers.